shaksgam valley total area

2004. The Cryosphere, 9(2): 703717. future research directions and describes possible research applications. (This article belongs to the Special Issue, The Shaksgam Valley, located on the north side of the Karakoram Mountains of western China, is situated in the transition zone between the Indian monsoon system and dry arid climate zones. Map Fetish by AG Noorani, Indian lawyer and Author on Kashmir, Who Ceded Land? Please note that many of the page functionalities won't work as expected without javascript enabled. 2001. The Randolph Glacier Inventory: A globally complete inventory of glaciers. Huss M. 2013. ; Frey, H.; Kargel, J.S. The other freely available global DEMs, ASTER Global DEM and AW3D30, were generated from stereo pairs images of unknown acquired dates, so, they also may not be representative of the glacier terrain properties in 2014 due to the changing topography of glaciers and the surrounding areas. The state and fate of Himalayan glaciers. "Inventory of Glaciers in the Shaksgam Valley of the Chinese Karakoram Mountains, 19702014" Remote Sensing 10, no. ; Liu, Q.; et al. In the entire study area, 32% of glaciers advanced, 22% of glaciers were stable, and 46% of glacier experienced retreat during the 19702014 period (, For the 19701980 and 19902000 periods, 47% and 56% of glacier terminus were stable, respectively, and 21% and 18% of glaciers terminus advanced (, In general, overall glacier changes over time in the Shaksgam Valley were quite stable (especially during the 19701980 and 19902000 periods). A valley that is located in China encompasses an area of 5,180 km. However, the authors note that compared to the advancing glaciers, retreating glaciers tended to be smaller glaciers, which helps to explain why the total glacier area remained unchanged across the four-plus decades. The glacier area decreased by 0.14%/a since 2000, and the shrinkage of glacier in the southeast, east and south directions were the most, while the northeast, north directions were the least. 2012. Water, 12(9): 2367. Plans to Stop Global Warming by Blocking Sunlight Would Destroy Agriculture. ; Schoner, W.; Zappa, M.; Kroisleitner, C.; Holzmann, H.R. Zhou, Y.; Li, Z.; Li, J. ; Arnaud, Y.; Williams, M.W. Spat. ; Zhu, C.G. Towards its south is the Karakoram range and to the north is Kun Lun mountain range, and as such Shaksgam is surrounded by some of the highest mountains in the world. Climate Change 2013: the physical science basis. Takaku, J.; Tadono, T.; Tsutsui, K.; Ichikawa, M. Validation of AW3D Global DSM generated from ALOS PRISM. Journal of Glaciology, 51(175): 607610. Remote Sens. The original territory demarcation issue was between China and British India, which arose as a result of 1846 Amritsar treaty in which the border with China was left unmarked. Feature papers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and must receive Forsythe N, Hardy A J, Fowler H J, et al. Multi-decadal mass loss of glaciers in the Everest area (Nepal Himalaya) derived from stereo imagery. Wang N, He J, Pu J, et al. Cryosphere, 5: 349358. The remote sensing data used included Corona KH-4A/B (1965-1971), Hexagon KH-9 (1980), Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) (1990/1993), Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) (2000/2001), and Landsat Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) (2014/2015) multispectral satellite images, as well as digital elevation models (DEMs) from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), DEMs generated from Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) images (2005-2014), and Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS)World 3D 30 m mesh (AW3D30). Polar Geography, 26(3): 210226. However, accurate historical and up-to-date glacier inventory data for the region are currently unavailable. Notably, small glaciers showed higher sensitivity to climate changes, and the glaciers located in the western part of the study site were exhibiting glacier area expansion compared to other parts of the Shaksgam Valley. Annals of Glaciology, 57(71): 273281. Funding: This work was financially supported by the Funding Program for the Global Environmental Research Fund (S-14) of the Ministry of the Environment, Japan. On the contrary, local climate variability could explain the complex behavior of glaciers in this region.". Bhambri, R.; Hewitt, K.; Kawishwar, P.; Pratap, B. Surge-type and surge-modified glaciers in the Karakoram. British authorities in Calcutta were annoyed and Johnson was disciplined by his superiors and his map was rejected. . Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 8(1): 4761. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1535. your institution. Climate Dynamics, 44(12): 441455. (in Chinese). ; Liu, S.Y. Lin H, Li G, Cuo L, et al. The shuttle radar topography mission. Shaksgam Valley lies to the north-west of Siachen glacier, north of Baltistan, east of Gilgit and south of Chinese province of Xinjiang. Pu J, Yao T, Yang M, et al. 2018; 10(8):1166. ; Li, W.H. Note: TGN, total glacier number; GA, glacier area; SDGA, standard deviation of glacier area. Investigation of glacier bursts of the Yarkant river in Xinjiang, China. ; Hewitt, K.; Luckman, A. Karakoram glacier surge dynamics. Bird's eye view of the Shaksgam Valley. N2 - The Shaksgam Valley, located on the north side of the Karakoram Mountains of western China, is situated in the transition zone between the Indian monsoon system and dry arid climate zones. Road data OpenStreetMap contributors. Wang Z C, Chen Y N. 1989. Wu K P, Liu S Y, Jiang Z L, et al. Let's get to the root of the issue and how it all started. Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Authors Christopher Snedden and Alastair Lamb say that Mr. Johnson was unhappy with working conditions under East India Company and sought to join the court of Maharaja of Kashmir instead. Inventory of Glaciers in the Shaksgam Valley of the Chinese Karakoram Mountains, 19702014. J. Chinese did not respond, prompting British to inform them that their silence was taken as assent and Britain will act accordingly. Improving land surface temperature modeling for dry land of China. College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China, State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences/Tian Shan Glaciological Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China, You can also search for this author in ; Arnaud, Y.; Williams, M.W. This is a preview of subscription content, access via In fact, for many years, Chinese have allowed expeditions into Karakoram Mountains. permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. Journal of Glaciology, 61(226): 373386. Toutin, T. Aster DEMs for geomatic and geoscientific applications: A review. Science, 336(6079): 310314. Finally, regression analyses indicated that topographic parameters were not the main driver of glacier changes. The shrinkage of glaciers caused by climate change can significantly affect the security and sustainable development of regional water resources. Archer D R, Fowler H J. Chinese Karakoram mountain occupies 5988.67 km2, of which the area covered by perennial snow and glacier constitutes about 11.57% of the total glacier area of China (Liu et al. 2005. Nature Geoscience, 7(11): 834840. Remote Sensing of Environment, 114(1): 127137. The facts are that Pakistan has not ceded even one square inch of territory to China. Rankl M, Braun M H. 2016. 2012. Nature Geoscience, 4(2): 9194. For this reason, this study conducted glacier inventories for the years 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000 and 2014 (i.e., a ~10-year interval) using multi-temporal remote sensing imagery. Pakistan did not gift any Kashmiri land to China. Arch. Instruments and Methods Glaciological and volumetric mass-balance measurements: Error analysis over 51 years for Glacier de Sarennes, French Alps. PDF Region-wide glacier area and mass budgets for the Shaksgam - Springer Journal of Glaciology, 58(208): 419422. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40333-021-0095-z, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40333-021-0095-z. For more information, please refer to 2018. Inventory of Glaciers in the Shaksgam Valley of the Chinese Karakoram Mountains, 1970-2014 by Haireti Alifu 1,*, Yukiko Hirabayashi 2, Brian Alan Johnson 3, Jean-Francois Vuillaume 4, Akihiko Kondoh 5 and Minoru Urai 6 1 Department of Civil Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 375, Toyosu, Kotooku, Tokyo 1358548, Japan 2 Category:Shaksgam Valley - Wikimedia Commons Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2018 by the authors.". Bashir, F.; Zeng, X.B. For this, first the glacier outlines were separated into individual glaciers based on manual inspection of the satellite images, the hillshade images derived from DEMs, and Google Earth high-resolution images. Gardelle J, Berthier E, Arnaud Y. Johnson, a survey officer to propose a line which was to be sent to Chinese government for negotiations. Pieczonka, T.; Bolch, T.; Wei, J.F. Spatial and temporal variations in precipitation in the Upper Indus Basin, global teleconnections and hydrological implications. Bhambri R, Hewitt K, Kawishwar P, et al. Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI. PLoS ONE, 11(1): e0147327, doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0147327. Updated on Sep 12, 2018, v1.1.47f4e218c70bb1d372358a740fe7c6466dbac1ac. Sohn, H.G. This List includes CEOs at public companies headquartered in the Greater Bay Area, which is defined as the counties of Alameda, Contra Costa, Marin, Monterey, Napa . Thibert E, Blanc R, Vincent C, et al. Glaciers in Xinjiang, China: Past Changes and Current Status. Journal of Climate, 28(9), 35373556. Four Decades of Glacial Stability in the Shaksgam Valley of the Chinese Debris-covered area accounted for 8.0% of the total glacier area. the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, Ann. In our study, the degree of mapping error for each inventory was evaluated visually using the Soviet Military Topo maps (for the results from 1970 and 1980), the GAMDAM glacier inventory data (2000), and high resolution Google Earth images (~2014). H.A. Repeat Glacier Collapses and Surges in the Amney Machen Mountain Range, Tibet, Possibly Triggered by a Developing Rock-Slope Instability. Zhou Y S, Li Z W, Li J. Pakistan further asserted that traditional grazing grounds of the Hunza people be given to Pakistan because otherwise it would cause them huge distress, Chinese Premier said he'd confirm after checking Xinjiang province and after getting assent of the Uyghur, Chinese ceded it as well. The video also shows the view from Indira Ridge when looking north towards Urdok Glacier.This should give an idea about the forbidding geography involved in accessing the Siachen Glacier from north.The video further moves along the Shaksgam Valley and takes a detour towards the majestic northern face of K2 Mountain, which at 28,251 feet is the second higher mountain in the world after Mount Everest. Bader H. 1954. Article Archived post. [. In the year 2014, a total of 173 glaciers (including 121 debris-free glaciers) (> 0.5 km2), covering an area of 1478 34 km2 (area of debris-free glaciers: 295 7 km2) were mapped. Photogramm. A consistent glacier inventory for Karakoram and Pamir derived from Landsat data: distribution of debris cover and mapping challenges. Region-wide glacier area and mass budgets for the Shaksgam - Springer Yao T D, Xu B Q, Yu W S, et al. Reviews of Geophysics, 45(2): 361. The authors declare no conflict of interest. It shows view of Indira Ridge which divides Siachen Glacier towards south from Urdok Glacier towards north. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10081166, Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals, You can make submissions to other journals. Gardner A S, Moholdt G, Cogley J G, et al. NCERT Solutions. At present, China occupies 5,180 sq. We would like to thank NASA/USGS, METI of Japan/NASA for providing the Declassified images, Landsat data, SRTM and ASTER GDEM version two Data. On the contrary, it received from China 750 square miles of administered territory beyond the watershed, the traditional grazing ground for people in Hunza. Snowfall less sensitive to warming in Karakoram than in Himalayas due to a unique seasonal cycle. advised the research. For this reason, this study conducted glacier inventories for the years 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000 and 2014 (i.e., a ~10-year interval) using multi-temporal remote sensing imagery. 2015). The 1963 Sino-Pakistan boundary runs along the summit of the Mount K2, dividing the mountain between Pakistan and China, much like Mountain Everest is divided between China and Nepal. References This page was last edited on 7 November 2022, at 02:07 (UTC). Since this is yet another point often raised by Indians in order to delegitimise Pakistan's role in the Kashmir conflict, both on state and individual level, Perhaps it is important to debunk this myth once and for all. ; Vuillaume, J.-F.; Kondoh, A.; Urai, M. The Cryosphere, 5(1): 271290. 2020. Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru did contest the validity of the agreement no sooner than it was published. Remote Sensing of Environment, 162: 408426. The Karakoram Anomaly? Climate Dynamics, 52(12): 159180. Corona, Hexagon, Landsat series images and SRTM data were downloaded from the USGS Earth Explorer (EE) (USGS EE; The generation of glacier inventories in this study follows the definitions developed within the GLIMS (Global Land Ice Measurements from Space) project. The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM): A breakthrough in remote sensing of topography. Paul, F.; Barry, R.G. Earth Obs. Alifu, H., Hirabayashi, Y., Johnson, B.A., Vuillaume, J.-F., Kondoh, A. and Urai, M. 2018. miles) along both sides of the Shaksgam River, is entirely administered by China as a part of Kargilik County in the Kashgar Prefecture of the Xinjiang Autonomous Region. ; Shroder, J.F. IEEE J. Sel. The results of this study run counter to those of other observations from around the world that show glacial retreat in response to rising global temperatures of the past century and are somewhat of an enigma to the climate-alarmist narrative of dangerous CO2-induced global warming. Heterogeneity in Karakoram glacier surges. Shaksgam Valley borders Xinjiang Province to the north and the Northern Areas of PoK to the south and west. ; Shangguan, D.H.; Yao, X.J. These definitions are adapted for the purpose of satellite-based glacier mapping based on official documents from the UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) guidelines for the compilation of the World Glacier Inventory [, Information about the Frame Ephemeris Camera, Orbital Data camera, and Spacecraft parameters are classified for Corona missions [, KH-9 Hexagon images were treated as regular aerial photographs for orthorectification purposes. Benn D I, Lehmkuhl F. 2000. ; Ye, Z.X. km. Nuth C, Kb A. (in Chinese). However, accurate historical and up-to-date glacier inventory data for the region are currently unavailable. On the one hand, glaciers are one of the sensitive indicators of climate change, their area and thickness will adjust with climate change. Shaki Valley - Wikipedia Finally, regression analyses indicated that topographic parameters were not the main driver of glacier changes. Zhang, X.S. 2013. Editors Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Glacier area changes in the Pumqu river basin, Tibetan Plateau, between the 1970s and 2001. However, individual glacier changes showed significant variability. Forsythe N, Fowler H J, Li X F, et al. The multi-temporal glacier inventory results indicated that total glacier area change between 1970-2014 was not significant. A detailed cloud fraction climatology of the upper indus basin and its implications for near-surface air temperature. Chinese Road Construction Venture in Kashmir's Shaksgam Valley - News18 (in Chinese). Climate variation and glacier response in the Bogda region, Tianshan Mountains. As shown in Figure 1, across the entire period (1970-2014), the total glacier area remained unchanged, although there were individual differences (increases or decreases) in some (mostly smaller) glaciers. Paul F. 2002. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the We especially thank the ESA and Nagoya University for providing the Glaciers_cci and GAMDAM Glacier Inventory data for validation of our work. Regionally differentiated contribution of mountain glaciers and ice caps to future sea-level rise. publisher = "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)", Inventory of glaciers in the Shaksgam Valley of the Chinese Karakoram Mountains, 1970-2014. 2015. 2015. The Demographic Statistical Atlas of the United States - Statistical Atlas We especially thank the ESA and Nagoya University for providing the Glaciers_cci and GAMDAM Glacier Inventory data for validation of our work. China's options for Aksai Chin | Synergia Foundation Berthier E, Brun F. 2019. Spat. Trans-Karakoram Tract - Wikiwand Vaughan, D.G. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 120(7): 12881300. Region-wide glacier mass budgets and area changes for the Central Tien Shan between 1975 and 1999 using Hexagon KH-9 imagery. Earth System Science Data, 10(4): 18071827. Glaciers_cci (2015): Climate Research Data Package (CRDP) Technical Document. The second Chinese glacier inventory: Data, methods and results. 2015. Which Britain did. ; Bao, W.J. Shaksgam Valley is part of PoK and borders China's Xinjiang Province, as well as the Siachen Glacier. It is shown that the SRB contained 472 glaciers, with an area of 1840.3 km2, in 2016. Price excludes VAT (USA) [, Glaciers inventory for the year 2000 was mapped based on a combination of [TIR/(NIR/SWIR)] band ratio and result from the geomorphometric analysis using Landsat ETM+ (2000) and SRTM [, A similar approach to the glacier inventory generation (2000) was used for generating a glacier inventory in 2014 based on the Landsat 8 (2014) images and DEMs generated from ASTER (20052014) images. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40333-021-0095-z, access via Gardelle J, Berthier E, Arnaud Y, et al. Conflicting signals of climatic change in the Upper Indus Basin. Karakoram temperature and glacial melt driven by regional atmospheric circulation variability. 2011. Slight mass gain of Karakoram glaciers in the early twenty-first century. The Shaki Valley (Dari: ) is a residential area in the Jaghatu district of Ghazni province in Afghanistan. Appl. Why India needs to talk more about Shaksgam Valley Journal of Climate, 25(23): 83088327. Norris J, Carvalho L M V, Jones C, et al. Pan B T, Zhang G L, Wang J, et al. Wang, P., Li, Z., Xu, C. et al. To impress the Maharaja, he increased the size of the state in his created map by including Aksai Chin and Shaksgam Valley in Kashmir, both of which were in Chinese control. 1 Study Area The Shaksgam valley (Figure 1) is located on the northern slope of Chinese Karakoram, in the southwest of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China. Funding Information: 2020. Gardelle J, Berthier E, Arnaud Y. Pakistan recognised McDonald LineAnd that's all. This Google Earth tour starts from Shaksgam Pass in the east and moves along the Shaksgam River and Valley. Thus the matter is concluded. Available online: Bolch, T.; Menounos, B.; Wheate, R. Landsat-based inventory of glaciers in western Canada, 19852005. Remote Sens. T1 - Inventory of glaciers in the Shaksgam Valley of the Chinese Karakoram Mountains, 1970-2014. Kb, A.; Treichler, D.; Nuth, C.; Berthier, E. Brief communication: Contending estimates of 20032008 glacier mass balance over the Pamir-Karakoram-Himalaya. The Cryosphere, 8(3): 977989. Shi, Y.; Liu, S.; Ye, B.; Liu, C.; Wang, Z. Guo, W.Q. Cryosphere, 6(5): 10871101. Acta Astronautica, 48(512): 559565. Farr T G, Rosen P A, Caro E, et al. Temperature and precipitation changes in different environments in the arid region of northwest China. China then provided Pakistan with arms, the materials to build its nuclear weapons. ; Peters, J.; Lin, J.; Long, S.C.; Han, Y.S. 2012. households on food stamps as a percentage of all households with the given characteristic, income in last 12 months below poverty level, households not on food stamps as a percentage of all households with the given characteristic, number of households on food stamps in given ethno-racial group, percentage more or less than the population at large, population of Orem, selected neighborhoods in Orem, and entities that contain Orem, rank of neighborhood out of 26 by percentage on food stamps, population of Orem, selected other places in the Provo Area, and entities that contain Orem, rank of place out of 37 by percentage on food stamps, population of Orem, selected other places in Utah, and entities that contain Orem, rank of place out of 50 by percentage on food stamps, population of Orem, selected other places in the West, and entities that contain Orem, population of Orem, selected other places in the United States, and entities that contain Orem. 2015. British sent it to Chinese on 14th March 1899 with the proposal: China will withdraw all claims to Hunza valley, British India will withdraw all claims to Shaksgam/Raskam and Taghdumbash. ; Owen, L.A.; Bush, A.; Kamp, U. [, A recently published review study reported that only four area change studies are available from the Karakoram Range covering different regions [. However, the. Bolch T, Pieczonka T, Benn D I. Previous studies have reported abnormal behaviors of the glaciers in this region compared to the global trend of glacier retreat, so the region is of special interest for glacier-climatological studies. The Shaksgam Valley is positioned on the northern slope of the Karakoram mountain region of western China. Additionally, glacier parameters such as glacier area, debris-covered area, minimum (min) elevation, maximum (max) elevation, median elevation, mean slope angle, and mean aspect were calculated. [2][3] The tract is administered by China as part of its Taxkorgan and Yecheng counties in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. With new defences in the Shaksgam Valley PLA further entrenches itself B.A.J. IPCC (ntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10081166, Alifu, Haireti, Yukiko Hirabayashi, Brian Alan Johnson, Jean-Francois Vuillaume, Akihiko Kondoh, and Minoru Urai. The Shaksgam Valley was ceded to China by Pakistan on March 2, 1963, under an agreement that laid the foundation of the Karakoram highway, which was built by China and Pakistan jointly in the 1970s. 2015. by Dr. Ahmad Rashid Malik Director of the China-Pakistan Study Centre (CPSC) at the Institute of Strategic Studies Islamabad. A number of glaciers exist there, yet an accurate historical and up-to-date analysis of glacial area change in this region has remained elusive until now. Haeberli, W.; Hoelzle, M.; Paul, F.; Zemp, M. Integrated monitoring of mountain glaciers as key indicators of global climate change: The European Alps. Rankl, M.; Kienholz, C.; Braun, M. Glacier changes in the Karakoram region mapped by multimission Satellite imagery. Glacier mass balance over the central Nyainqentanglha Range during recent decades derived from remote-sensing data. Glacial geology and geomorphology in Shaksgam Valley. Wikipedia article: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaksgam_Valley Nearby cities: Coordinates: 363'21"N 7641'54"E Nearby cities Bhambri, R.; Bolch, T.; Kawishwar, P.; Dobhal, D.P. Shaksgam River - Wikipedia 2012a. Li, B.F.; Chen, Y.N. Few people have ever ventured in the one of the last ; Bayr, K.J. ; Scherer, D.; Maussion, F.; Huintjes, E.; Schneider, C. A glacier inventory for the western Nyainqentanglha Range and the Nam co basin, Tibet, and glacier changes 19762009. ; Shi, X.; Chen, Z.S. Google Scholar. K2 Basecamp North, Shaksgam Valley Trip Summary The Trek Blog
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