Grabarczyk Z. Electiveness of indoor air cleaning with corona ionizers. Thus, NAIs are dynamic in their composition, which depends on ionization potential and electron affinity, the proton affinity, the dipole moment and the polarizability as well as the reactivity of the molecule [75]. Effects of gaseous ions on the environment and human performance. Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, For example, in a mountain area, high electric fields and low atmospheric pressure promote the onset of corona discharge [11]. However, to our knowledge, no data showed the harmful effects of NAIs on humans/animals. Plant height increased by 1315% and dry weight increased by 18% under the growth environment with high concentrations of NAIs [110]. Ogar V.N., Bendor S.A., James A.E. Yu K.P., Lee W.M.G., Peng C.J., Chen Y.C., Shen W.T. Serotonin is a very powerful and versatile neurohormone. And, he says, the cost of apparently equivalent units ranges from $100 to $1,000. Studies showed that many NAI generators including well-branded ionizers release ozone (Table 3; [141,145,155,156,157]). Zhu M., Zhang J., You Q., Banuelos G.S., Yu Z., Li M., Bazai N.A., Tahir M. Bio-generation of negative air ions by grass upon electrical stimulation applied to lawn. Actually, UV-mediated ionization is the dominant NAI sources in the above 60 km altitude of atmosphere [5]. Hayyan M., Hashim M.A., AlNashef I.M. But does any of this apply to salt lamps? Alisa P. Oxygen Toxicity and Free Radical Injury. More efforts should be input into this system to further improve it and to use it as a high-efficient NAI generator and PM removal system. For example, the half-life of negative oxygen ions O2(H2O)n by the Lenard effect is around 60 seconds, but the NAIs generated by corona discharge could survive only several seconds [32]. You wouldn't be the first to think that; scientists have been looking into these questions for nearly a hundred years. Reports showed that superoxide ions are the major negative ions generated by natural atmosphere and the Lenard effect (waterfall) [37,38,128] and is more stable than other NAIs [25,127]. They are created in nature as air molecules break apart due to sunlight, radiation, and moving air and water. Natural Ways to Create Negative Ions | Healthfully Pino O., Ragione F.L. What Are Negative Ions And Why Are There So Many Studies on Their Cognitive Sciences, Charlotte, .N.C. Hazard Subst. However, others reported no significant effect of NAIs on the concentration or turnover of serotonin in rats under their exposure conditions [35,79]. 8600 Rockville Pike You may have experienced the power of negative ions when you last set foot on the beach or walked beneath a waterfall. For example, the NAI O is formed when an oxygen molecule O2 obtains an electron (Figure 2B). Generally, limited data are available on how PEF stimulation helps plants to generate very high concentrations of NAIs. Fine PM such as PM1.0 and PM2.5 penetrate deeply into the lung, irritate and corrode the alveolar wall and, as a result, affect lung functions [135] and might also result in lung cancer [136]. When NAIs combined with water molecules and form negative-ion clusters, their lifetime will be longer. Negative Ions and Why They're Good For You - Dr. Lauren Deville "Air conditioning depletes the atmosphere of negative ions, but an ion generator re-releases the ions that air conditioners remove.". Ions are molecules that have gained or lost an electrical charge. Psychological effects of air ions have been reported for more than 80 years in the media and scientific literature. Immediately induced and transient generation of extracellular superoxide anion was observed after adding salicylic acid (SA) to tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) suspension culture [48]. In fact, you will find the highest concentrations of negative ions in natural, clean air. Even waterfalls and waves contribute their share. Can a Supplement Really Help You Control Those Pesky Eye Floaters? Now, half of that idea is true. Krueger and Reed (1976) reviewed key reports published in that period on the biological effects of NAIs [1]. J. Environ. In addition to superoxide, other negative ions also contribute to the composition of plant NAIs. Ross S.K., Bell A.J. Denver. The system may be used to freshen indoor air and reduce PM concentration in addition to enriching oxygen content and indoor decoration at home, school, hospital, airport, and other indoor areas. Berry D., Mainelis G., Fennell D. Effect of an ionic air cleaner on indoor/outdoor particle ratios in a residential environment. Accelerated death of animals in a quasi-neutral electric atmosphere. How Negative And Positive Ions Affect Your Health - Organic Soul The cosmic ray ionization accounts for around 20% of the total ionization over land surfaces [4]. We couldn't demonstrate anything," he tells WebMD. WebMD does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Figure 2 summarizes the composition from various sources of NAIs and the evolution of oxygen-based NAIs [31,37,52,53,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66]. However, no significant difference was observed between control and NAI-treated tobacco plants in nicotine and total alkaloid; the total nitrogen content in NAI-treated plants was slightly increased when compared with control plants [114]. In the study, the lifetime of NAIs generated by the Lenard effect was several minutes, significantly longer than that of electrically generated NAIs. The impact of PM. ). NAIs have a positive effect on kale growth by improving fresh weight, macroelements and microelements [113]. Hill C.A., Thomas C.L. Effects of roughness, dielectric constant and electrical resistivity of wall on deposition of submicron particles driven by ionic air purifier. For example, PM removal rate was related to particle concentrations, particle sizes, and the ventilation conditions and a model was raised to compute their relationship [139]. Environmental influences on serotonin and cyclic nucleotides in rat cerebral cortex. Controlled trial of bright light and negative air ions for chronic depression. Lenard P. ber die Electrizitt der Wasserflle. NAIs reduced respirable and inhalable dust counts by 46%. Parts et al. Based on their results, NO3 is the major ion followed by HCO3 and others. The analysis further confirmed the promoting effect of UV lighting on NAI generation. Reverse flow continuous corona discharge ionisation applied to ion mobility spectrometry. Sci. Increased serotonin levels could help to reduce stress, anxiety, and depression, while boosting mood and energy. In a word, studies on the mechanism of plant-based release of NAIs by PEF stimulation are still under way. Therefore, NAIs will be released at a huge amount after thunderstorms and lightning. The possible involvement of cytochrome b559. supervised and complemented the writing. Negative ion mass spectrometry. Sauers I., Harman G. A mass spectrometric study of positive and negative ion formation in an sF6 corona. Further observation showed that there were peaks of NAI generation within 8 min after UV lighting (Figure 1BD; Table S1). Biophysics of plant growth in an electrostatic field. Negative ions in Trichel corona in air. It is also known as an anion. (A) NAI compositions. Ion machines are proven to clear the air of dust, pollen, pet dander, mold spores and other potential allergens. We carried out an experiment to investigate the contribution of UV light to the generation of NAIs (Figure 1; Table S1). They can be found in nature, through negative ion generators, or by taking salt baths. There were some differences in NAI compositions from different studies as their experimental conditions might vary. Lin H.F., Lin J.M. On the contrary, no effect of NAIs on mental health was reported in other studies [89,90]. Seo K.H., Mitchell B.W., Holt P.S., Gast R.K. Bactericidal effects of negative air ions on airborne and surface Salmonella enteritidis from an artificially generated aerosol. Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. Bachman and Hademenos (1971) reported the NAI generation by applying high-voltage electric field to plants [19]. Similarly, there are lots of research articles to present the effects of NAIs on the growth of microorganism (Table S2). Evaporation and plant damage in electric fields. The study also showed that several factors may affect the degree of charge separation in spray processes and, therefore, may affect the generation and concentration of NAIs. Based on the data from Lim et al. As a result, other NAIs are generated such as O2, CO4, CO3, OH, HCO3, O3, NO3, and NO2 (Figure 2B). Scarpeci T.E., Zanor M.I., Carrillo N., Mueller-Roeber B., Valle E.M. Generation of superoxide anion in chloroplasts of Arabidopsis thaliana during active photosynthesis: A focus on rapidly induced genes. You may be surprised to learn that negative ions exist in nature, and they . NAIs released by different plants under different treatments with PEF stimulation. Indoor Waterfall. Effect of wall surface materials on deposition of particles with the aid of negative air ions. the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. PM mainly led to diseases related to both respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Ryushi T., Kita I., Sakurai T., Yasumatsu M., Isokawa M., Aihara Y., Hama K. The effect of exposure to negative air ions on the recovery of physiological responses after moderate endurance exercise. Don't go by the name, there is nothing negative or unhealthy about negative ions. Diamond M.C., Connor J.R., Jr., Orenberg E.K., Bissell M., Yost M., Krueger A. Enhancement of the deposition of ultrafine secondary organic aerosols by the negative air ion and the effect of relative humidity. Tyagi A.K., Malik A. Antimicrobial action of essential oil vapours and negative air ions against Pseudomonas fluorescens. Gravendeel B., de Hoog F.J. Clustered negative ions in atmospheric negative corona discharges in the Trichel regime. The oxygen molecule O2 is a biradical with two unpaired electrons in different orbitals and is capable of accepting up to 4 electrons [125]. Mass spectrometric analysis of small negative ions (e/m < 100) produced by trichel pulse negative corona discharge fed by ozonised air. http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/19/10/2966/s1. Different hues may affect your mood, diet, and more. What Are The Effects Of Positive/Negative Ions On Human Body? (2007) described a more complicated evolutionary process of NAIs [56]. supervised the study; S.-Y.J. Negatively-charged ions are anions, formed from nonmetallic elements like oxygen and sulfur. Effect of negative air ions on respiratory organs and blood. An early study showed that NAIs caused a significant amount of biological decay of the bacterium Serratia marcescens [95]. Toxicol. Air ions and mood outcomes: A review and meta-analysis. Around 95% of respirable particles from indoor air can be removed. Irregular conductor, especially with a sharp point, gives rise to more corona than a smooth conductor and large-diameter conductors produce lower corona than small-diameter conductors; the higher the voltage applied, more NAIs are generated [14,15]. Already familiar with the Ions but want to know their effects on human life? Electric fields, small air ions and biological effects. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Evidence showed that PM, especially PM2.5, seriously affected human health. Sekimoto K., Takayama M. Collision-induced dissociation analysis of negative atmospheric ion adducts in atmospheric pressure corona discharge ionization mass spectrometry. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/advanced, https://www.sciencedirect.com/search/advanced, https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/advsearch.jsp, https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/guide-air-cleaners-home, https://patents.google.com/patent/CN203313745U/en?oq=CN+203313745+U. This disturbance causes a displacement and breaking off of electrons. Exposure to air ions in indoor environments: Experimental study with healthy adults. Negatively charged ions are most prevalent in natural places and particularly around moving water or after a thunderstorm. government site. Gabbay J., Bergerson O., Levi N., Brenner S., Eli I. Formation of Ions - Each of the elements on the periodic table is capable of forming an ion. The idea behind negative ion therapy is pretty basic: positive ions in the air make us feel bad, and negative ions in the air make us feel good. Negative ion species generated by corona discharge have been identified through mass spectrometry by several experiments [55,66,67]. Benefits of Negative Ions Now that we know that the presence of negative ions is better for our mood and generally mental and emotional well-being, how do they specifically help us? Instead . Although reports showed that the UV rays significantly mediated the air ionization, little systematical study was carried out on the effect of artificial UV light on NAI generation. For example, high rates of extracellular superoxide were generated in bryophytes and lichens [45]. Exposure to negatively charged ions offers many health benefits. Health effects of fine particulate air pollution: Lines that connect. FOIA Experimental data showed that NAIs could be used to high-efficiently remove PM. In the chamber, the average NAI concentration was 344 ions/cm3 within one hour. Thus, our experiment showed that UV lighting could be used to generate NAIs. An official website of the United States government. Physical effects of negative air ions in a wet sauna. Many Himalayan salt lamp companies claim that their lamps will help remove dust and pollution from the air with negative ions. Plus, that consistent ebbing and. They were listed in Figure 2A. In: Kyle D.J., Osmond C.B., Arntzen D.J., editors. Studies also showed that wall surface significantly affected PM reducing efficiency [34]. Generating Negative Ions What About Allergies and Asthma? Once they reach our bloodstream, negative ions are believed to produce biochemical reactions that increase levels of the mood chemical serotonin, helping to alleviate depression, relieve stress, and boost our daytime energy. This research was funded by the Singapore Millennium Foundation project Bio-based strategies to improve indoor air quality by increasing negative air ion release. Kellogg E.W., Yost M.G., Barthakur N., Kreuger A.P. Particulate matter air pollution and racial differences in cardiovascular disease risk. (B) The evolution of oxygen-based NAIs. Tikhonov V.P., Tsvetkov V.D., Litvinova E.G., Sirota T.V., Kondrashova M.N. Similar effects of NAIs on relieving symptoms in mood disorders to antidepressant nonpharmacotherapy trials were observed [38]. NAIs also showed effective treatment of chronic depression [88]. When exposed to high concentrations of positive ions for two hours, participants in one study reported increased anxiety. Kampmann Y., Klingshirn A., Kloft K., Kreyenschmidt J. We then screened these articles by manually reviewing titles, which led to 170, 279, and 117 studies selected (duplicated references were excluded); the remaining were excluded due to no relationship to the NAI topic. Generally speaking, negative ions increase the flow of oxygen to the brain; resulting in higher alertness, decreased drowsiness, and more mental energy," says Pierce J. Howard, PhD, author of The Owners Manual for the Brain: Everyday Applications from Mind Brain Research and director of research at the Center for Applied Cognitive Sciences in Charlotte, N.C. "They also may protect against germs in the air, resulting in decreased irritation due to inhaling various particles that make you sneeze, cough, or have a throat irritation.". And some of them were listed in Table S2. The spare electrons seek out oxygen molecules, giving the molecule an extra electron and therefore a negative charge. . Sawant V.S., Meena G.S., Jadhav D.B. In plants, superoxide O2 is mainly produced in the thylakoid membrane of photosystem I (PSI) [39]. Generally, under natural growth conditions, plants release less than 200 ions/cm3 (Table 1). official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Relieves Tension and Decreases Blood Pressure Negative ions provide you with ultimate relaxation. Despite sounding like something that wouldn't be good for your body, negative ions are actually helpful and beneficial to health. Accessibility Fridovich I. Superoxide dismutases. Negative ions boost your energy and help you to have more concentration and mental clarity by increasing the flow of oxygen to the brain. Ionization by UV radiation is not a major contributor of NAIs in the lower atmosphere due to the low dose of UV rays available in this layer [5]. Bactericidal effects of negative and positive ions generated in nitrogen on. One of the obvious disadvantages of ionizers is to emit ozone [154], which is a powerful oxidant and may seriously harm our health by long-term and/or high-dose exposure. Bolwell G.P., Davies D.R., Gerrish C., Auh C.-K., Murphy T.M. An investigation of the effects of negative air ions on responses to submaximal exercise at different times of day. Wrona M.Z., Dryhurst G. Oxidation of serotonin by superoxide radical: Implications to neurodegenerative brain disorders. Supplementary materials can be found at http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/19/10/2966/s1.. S.R.
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